home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- MEDICINE, Page 45Unmasking a Stealthy Cancer
-
-
- A simple blood test can boost the detection of prostate tumors
-
-
- More than any other malignancy, cancer of the prostate has a
- reputation for stealth. While 122,000 American men were
- diagnosed with the disease last year -- making it the leading
- cancer among men -- 70% of those tumors had already managed to
- spread beyond the gland and into the rest of the body without
- being detected. Frustrated surgeons have long hoped for a test
- that could pick up more of these cancers before they become
- inoperable. Now they may have got their wish. Researchers
- reported in last week's New England Journal of Medicine that a
- new method could potentially spot 20% to 30% more cancers than
- do rectal exams alone, the current means of early tumor
- detection.
-
- The simple $50 test, based on a protein called prostate-
- specific antigen, or PSA, will soon be offered to men over 50
- who are at special risk for the disease, including blacks and
- those with a family history of the ailment. Some experts contend
- that all older men should be tested. Predicts lead author Dr.
- William Catalona, at Washington University in St. Louis: "PSA
- should dramatically alter the statistics on prostate cancer."
-
- Rectal examinations have been the standard for early
- diagnosis for nearly a century. But this method, in which
- doctors probe the prostate gland manually, has not been very
- popular with patients or their doctors. In West Germany, where
- men over 40 can be tested for free, a recent study found that
- only 15% actually agreed to have it done. Physicians point out
- that the exams often fail to detect smaller cancers and those
- that originate on the front of the gland. The method is also
- subjective. One expert remarked that all he can tell his medical
- students is that the gland feels "like the soft skin at the base
- of the thumb" while a tumor feels "like a knuckle." Concluded
- Dr. William Cooner, a PSA expert at the University of South
- Alabama: "The rectal examination has served us very poorly."
- Several alternatives have been tried over the years, the most
- recent being an ultrasound probe. Although this proved somewhat
- effective and is now used to confirm diagnoses, at $200 to $300
- an exam it is too costly to use for routine screening.
-
- The basis for the new assay, PSA, is a protein produced by
- cells on the surface of the prostate and thought to play a role
- in preventing semen from coagulating. An enlarged prostate (due
- to cancer or other problems) leads to higher levels of PSA in
- the blood. Doctors already use PSA tests to monitor the
- effectiveness of prostate-cancer therapies, such as irradiation
- or hormonal treatments. Some researchers have argued that the
- exams should replace much more expensive bone scans as a way of
- determining how far the cancer has spread.
-
- But the method is by no means foolproof. Catalona stresses
- that 21% of the men in his study with prostate cancer actually
- had "normal" PSA levels. Thus the test should be used only in
- combination with a rectal exam, he said, and even then some
- cancers will be missed.
-
- Many experts are cautious about recommending that all
- older men get the test. They note that as many as 50% of men
- over 50 may have minute traces of cancer in their prostate.
- Since many of these tumors develop so slowly that they will
- never become a problem, surgery may not be worth the risk.
- Critics add that no study has actually proved that catching
- prostate cancer early will save lives. Advocates of routine
- screening, on the other hand, point out that early detection has
- made a significant difference with other slow-growing
- malignancies, such as cervical and breast cancer. Says Dr.
- Thomas Stamey of Stanford University: "You've got to be
- irrational to think that picking up these cancers early is not
- going to help."
-
- The National Cancer Institute is about to launch a study
- intended to resolve this debate, with results due in 2007. In
- the meantime, many doctors will have to decide for themselves.
- It seems clear that as the aging of the population puts more
- American men at risk, the pressure to use every possible tool,
- including PSA, will be hard to resist.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-